7.8. Matrix
Gazprea supports two dimensional matrices. A matrix can have all of the same element types a vector can:
booleanintegerrealcharacter
7.8.1. Declaration
Matrix declarations are similar to vector declarations, the difference being that matrices have two dimensions instead of one. The following are valid matrix declarations:
integer[*, *] A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]];
integer[3, 2] B = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]];
integer[3, *] C = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]];
integer[*, 2] D = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]];
integer[*, *] E = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]];
7.8.2. Construction
To construct a matrix the programmer may use nested vectors. Each vector element represents a single row of the matrix. All rows with fewer elements than the row of maximum row length are padded with zeros on the right. Similarly, if the matrix is declared with a column length larger than the number of rows provided, the bottom rows of the matrix are zero. If the number of rows or columns exceeds the amounts given in a declaration an error is to be produced.
integer[*] v = [1, 2, 3];
integer[*, *] A = [v, [1, 2]];
/* A == [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 0]] */
Similarly, we can have:
integer[*] v = [1, 2, 3];
integer[3, 3] A = [v, [1, 2]];
/* A == [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 0]] */
Also matrices can be initialized with a scalar value. Initializing with a scalar value makes every element of the matrix equal to the scalar.
Gazprea supports empty matrices.
integer[*,*] m = []; /* Should create an empty matrix */
7.8.3. Operations
Matrices have binary and unary operations of the element type defined in the same manner as vectors. Unary operations are applied to every element of the matrix, and binary operations are applied between elements with the same position in two matrices.
The operators ==, and != also have the same behaviors that vectors do. These operations compare whether or not all elements of two matrices are equal.
In addition to this matrices have several special operations defined on
them. If the element type is numeric (supports addition, and
multiplication), then matrix multiplication is supported using the
operator **. Matrix multiplication is only defined between matrices
with compatible element types, and the dimensions of the matrices must be
valid for performing a matrix multiplication.
Specifically, the number of columns of the first operand must equal the number
of rows of the second operand, e.g. an \(m \times n\) matrix multiplied by
an \(n \times p\) matrix will produce an \(m \times p\) matrix.
If the dimensions are not correct a SizeError should be raised.
All matrices support the built in functions rows and columns,
which when passed a matrix yields the number of rows and columns in the
matrix respectively. For instance:
integer[*, *] M = [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]];
integer r = rows(M); /* This has a value of 2 */
integer c = columns(M); /* This has a value of 3 */
Matrix indexing is done similarly to vector indexing, however, two indices must be used. These indices are separated using a comma.
M[i, j] -> std_output;
The first index specifies the row of the matrix, and the second index specifies the column of the matrix. The result is retrieved from the row and column. Both the row and column indices must be integers.
integer[*, *] M = [[11, 12, 13], [21, 22, 23]];
/* M[1, 2] == 12 */
As with vectors, out of bounds indexing is an error on Matrices.
7.8.4. Type Casting and Type Promotion
To see the types that matrix may be cast and/or promoted to, see the sections on Type Casting and Type Promotion respectively.